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Several golf clubs. From left to right are a driver, a putter, and an iron.
Golf clubs are used in the sport of golf to hit a golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance(grip) and a clubhead. Woods are used for long-distance fairway shots; irons, the most versatile class used for a variety of shots, and putters, used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the cup.
An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club’s face and the vertical plane. It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; virtually all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the clubface give the ball backspin (a clockwise spin when viewed from a parallel standpoint to the left of the ball). Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.
While the variation of clubs can differ greatly between golfers, a set used to play a round of golf must have no more than 14 clubs. A full set typically consists of a driver, two fairway woods (generally 3- and 5-woods), a set of irons from 3 to 9, a pitching wedge, a sand wedge, a putter, and one more club of the player’s choice. Many amateurs opt to avoid the 3- and 4-irons (that many find difficult to hit), and replace them with more forgiving clubs, like hybrids.
Contents
1 Club Types
1.1 Woods
1.2 Irons
1.2.1 Wedges
1.3 Hybrids
1.4 Putters
2 Construction
2.1 Shaft
2.2 Grip
2.3 Hosel
2.4 Clubhead
2.5 Ferrule
3 Regulations
4 See also
5 References
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Club Types
Woods
Main article: Wood (golf)
Woods are long-distance clubs, meant to drive the ball a great distance down the fairway towards the hole. They generally have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed. Historically woods were made from Persimmon wood although some manufacturers - notably Ping - developed laminated woods. In the late 1980s manufacturers started using metals (steel or titanium); even more recently manufacturers have started using materials such as carbon fiber or scandium. Even though most ‘woods’ are made from different metals they are still called ‘Woods’ to denote the general shape and their intended use on the golf course. Most woods made today have a graphite shaft and titanium head.
Irons
Main article: Iron (golf)
Irons are golf clubs with a flat angled face and a shorter shaft than a wood, designed for shots approaching the green or from more difficult lies such as the rough, through or over trees, or the base of hills. As with woods, “irons” get their name because they were originally made from cast iron. High-loft irons are called wedges. The higher the number gets on the scale, the lower amount of angle difference from 90 degrees. Irons are often cavity back or muscleback. A cavity back iron is any iron in which a small to large amount of the metal across the back of the head is removed, allowing that weight to be re-positioned on the perimeter of the head, farther away from the head’s center of gravity. A muscleback iron is the term given to any iron in which there is no cavity on the back of the head, i.e., the weight is more evenly distributed across the back of the clubhead.
Wedges
Wedges are irons with a higher loft than a 9 iron, which is typically lofted at about 42 degrees. Wedges are used for a variety of short-distance, high-altitude, high-accuracy shots such as hitting the ball onto the green (“approach” or “attack” shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for a better shot at the green (“lay-up” shots), or hitting the ball out of hazards or rough onto the green (chipping).
There are usually five types of wedges with lofts ranging from 45 to 60: pitching wedge (PW 48), gap wedge (GW 52), sand wedge (SW 56), lob wedge (LW 60), and ultra lob wedge (LW 64). The pitching wedge is sometimes called or labeled as a 10 iron, and the gap wedge is sometimes called an approach wedge and labeled with AW.
Hybrids
Main article: Hybrid (golf)
Hybrids are a cross between a wood and an iron, giving these clubs the wood’s long distance with the iron’s familiar swing. These clubs generally are used instead of high-numbered woods and/or low-numbered irons, though some manufacturers produce entire sets of hybrids or “iron replacements” that incorporate hybrid design to add distance and forgiveness to a player’s entire set of irons from 1 to pitching wedge. Most hybrids take the place of an iron, but the hybrid is easier to hit than its respective iron. These clubs are often referred to as “Rescues” because the TaylorMade Rescue was one of the first clubs to utilize this design, as well as the use of the clubs to get one out of a tricky position (to be in fact rescued by the club).
Putters
Main article: Putter (golf)
Putters are a special class of clubs with a loft not exceeding ten degrees, designed primarily to roll the ball along the grass, generally from a point on the putting green towards the cup. Contrary to popular belief, putters do have a loft (often 5 degrees from truly perpendicular at impact) that helps to lift the ball from any indentation it has made. This increases rolling distance and reduces bouncing over the turf. Also present in some golfers’ bags is the “chipper” which is designed for low-speed swings to lift the ball a short distance about 25 yards/23 meters, onto the green. The club can be used in place of the pitching wedge with an abbreviated swing to accomplish the same end.
Construction
Shaft
Loft and lie of a golf club
The shaft is a tapered tube made of metal (usually steel) or carbon fiber composite (referred to as graphite). The shaft is roughly .5 inch/12 millimeters in diameter near the grip and between 35-48 inches/89-115 cm in length.
Shafts are quantified in a number of different ways. The most common is the shaft flex. Simply, the shaft flex is the amount that the shaft will bend when placed under a load. A stiffer shaft will not flex as much, which requires more power to bend and “whip” through the ball properly (which results in higher club speed at impact for more distance), while a more flexible shaft will whip with less power required for better distance on slower swings, but may torque and over-flex if swung with too much power causing the head not to be square, resulting in lower accuracy. Most shaft makers offer a variety of flexes. The most common are: L (Lady), A (Soft Regular, Intermediate or Senior), R (Regular), S (Stiff), and X (Tour Stiff, Extra Stiff or Strong). A regular flex shaft is generally appropriate for those with an average head speed (80-94 mph), while an A-Flex (or senior shaft) is for players with a slower swing speed (70-79 mph), and the stiffer shafts, such as S-Flex and X-Flex (Stiff and Extra-Stiff shafts) are reserved only for those players with an above average swinging speed, usually above 100mph (160km/h). Some companies also offer a “stiff-regular” or “firm” flex for players whose club speed falls in the upper range of a Regular shaft (90-100 mph), allowing golfers and clubmakers to fine-tune the flex for a stronger amateur-level player.
On off-center hits, the clubhead twists as a result of a torque, reducing accuracy as the face of the club is not square to the player’s stance at impact. In recent years, many manufacturers have produced and marketed many low-torque shafts aimed at reducing the twisting of the clubhead at impact, however these tend to be stiffer along their length as well. Most recently, many brands have introduced stiff-tip…
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