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USS Casco on the James River, 1865
Class overview
Name:
Casco-class light draft monitor
Builders:
Various
Operators:
United States Navy
Preceded by:
Passaic-class
Completed:
20
Retired:
20
General characteristics
Displacement:
1,175 tons
Length:
225 feet
Beam:
45 feet
Draught:
6 feet (designed)
Propulsion:
Steam engine, twin screws
Speed:
8 knots (designed)
Armament:
2 x 11-inch (280mm) guns
The Casco-class monitor was a unique class of light draft monitor built on behalf of the United States Navy for the Mississippi theatre during the American Civil War. The largest and most ambitious ironclad program of the war, the project was dogged by delays caused by bureaucratic meddling. Twenty ships of the class were eventually built at great expense, but proved so unseaworthy when trialed that they were quickly sidelined, causing a public scandal.
Contents
1 History
1.1 The monitor office
1.2 More design changes
1.3 Scandal and inquiry
2 Footnotes
3 References
//
History
After the success of the US Navy’s first monitor, the USSMonitor, in preventing the Confederate monitor CSS Virginia from breaking the Union blockade at Hampton Roads in spring 1862, the navy became enthused with the monitor concept (at the expense of the larger broadside ironclad type), and ordered a number of new classes of monitor, one of which was the Casco class. The Casco was a unique “light draft” class designed specifically for operating in the shallow bays, rivers, and inlets of the Confederacy.
The specifications for the Casco class originally called for a vessel with a light draft, not exceeding six feet, and a low freeboard to present the smallest possible target to Confederate guns. The Navy tasked its foremost naval architect, John Ericsson, with the design.
Diagram of the USS Nausett, showing the large wooden “raft” surrounding the iron hull
Ericsson came up with a design for a 225-foot (69m)-long vessel with a single revolving turret containing two 11-inch (280mm) guns, an armored upper deck, and twin screw propellers giving a top speed of around eight knots. Around the hull of the vessel, a large wooden “raft” was to be constructed, which would help increase buoyancy. Ericsson kept the design deliberately simple in keeping with the inexperience of the private shipyards which would be called upon to build them. He anticipated that each ship would take no more than forty days to complete.
The monitor office
At around the same time however, the Navy created a new “monitor office” to centralize oversight of the new monitor program. The new office, located across the hall from Ericsson’s design bureau, was nominally headed by Rear Admiral Francis H. Gregory, but was effectively run by Chief Engineer Alban C. Stimers, to whom was entrusted the power of setting general plans and ship specifications. Stimers, an ambitious man, was keen to take credit for the design of the new monitors and frequently visited Ericsson’s bureau to make changes to the specifications.
The greatest single alteration to the design however, came not directly from Stimers but from Admiral Joseph Smith, chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks in Washington, D.C., who suggested that the oval hull of the ship be surrounded by large iron tanks which could be pumped full of water in order to lower the ship’s freeboard still further when in combat to present an even smaller target, or drained for normal travel. Stimers liked the idea and ordered the changes, but when Ericsson saw the new plans he resigned from the project. The new plans greatly added to the design’s complexity, requiring sophisticated pumping mechanisms, while the added weight would also reduce speed and buoyancy.
More design changes
In February 1863 the monitor office offered contracts for twenty of the new Casco-class monitors, in spite of the fact that the original architect, Ericsson, had not approved the new design. Winning bidders included prominent firms like Reaney & Archbold in Chester, Wilcox & Whitney at Camden, Harlan & Hollingworth in Wilmington, and Merrick & Sons of Philadelphia (the latter of whom subcontracted much of the work to William Cramp & Sons). A number of smaller firms were also contracted. The cost was estimated at $395,000 per ship, or approximately $8 million in total. Some shipyards, such as Cramp, were forced to substantially upgrade their ironworking facilities for the production of the new vessels.
Detail drawing by Stimers for one of the Casco-class monitors
By the end of 1863, frequent design changes were causing growing problems for the contractors. Stimers and his team of thirty draftsmen at the monitor office continued to…(and so on)
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