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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (September 2008)

Cross Colours

Type

Private

Founded

Los Angeles, United States (1989)

Founder(s)

Carl Jones

Industry

Fashion

Products

Apparel and Accessories

Website

www.crosscolours.com

Cross Colours is a clothing brand launched in 1989 by Carl Jones. Launched on the premise of producing lothes without prejudices Cross Colours helped establish a fashion market based around black youth. The clothing was used to broadcast political and social messages.

Contents

1 History

2 Cross Colours philosophy

3 Brand vision

4 Cross Colours characters

5 Cross Colours collection for girls

6 Product

7 Distribution

8 References

9 External links

//


History

Cross Colours was the brainchild of Carl Jones, an entrepreneur who studied fashion at Otis Parson’s School of Design and Trade Technical College in Los Angeles, then worked in various fashion enterprises before starting his own T-shirt company.

He eventually started a company called Surf Fetish, which rode the wave of beachwear trends. He also hired Thomas Walker, a graphic designer who would eventually become vice president of Cross Colours. For Jones, Cross Colours was a way to broadcast political and social messages-such as denouncing gangs or calling for racial unity-to the African American community, and eventually other communities as the clothes’ popularity spread.

The label, whose baseball caps, baggy jeans, and message-bearing T-shirts were to prove enormously influential, also introduced such future designers as Karl Kani.

In 2007 Cross Colours made a fresh start as a multi style street fashion label. Cross Colours doesn specifically target the African-American youth but targets a broader multicultural group with different social and cultural backgrounds. The original mission, to make clothes without prejudice, was incorporated into a broader mission. Cross Colours remains an oldskool street fashion label that has a social conscious background with a focus on culture, music and the environment.

Cross Colours philosophy

Cross Colours wasn’t merely selling clothing–it was pushing a message, “Clothing Without Prejudice.” That slogan appeared on every garment. Since they were primarily targeting African-American youth they wanted to inspire them with positive messages like top D Violence and ducate 2 Elevate. Cross Colours clothing isn just a fashion statement, they represented a political and social message.

Brand vision

Cross Colours vision is to become a street fashion label that enables individuals to create their own style.

It is a street fashion label that has a social conscious background with a focus on culture, music and the environment. Cross Colours is an old skool street fashion label that reflects a multi cultural society and is known for its creative (old skool) designs and its socially conscious statements that are broadcasted in a fresh and optimistic way. Cross Colours thrives to bring the old skool back in modern days and demonstrate a positive and fresh outlook on life.

Cross Colours characters

The Cross Colours collection is divided in four themes and are represented by four characters.

Each character has its own identity:

Curt is fun, creative and optimistic and represents the theme; We are colourful

Cen is the outspoken flashy musician that represent the theme; We are the stars

Cash is old skool and represent the beginning of the brand; We write history

Chris is relaxed, clean and conscious and represent the theme; We are in harmony

Together they represent the Cross Colours collection, even though they all have their own identity, they can live in harmony together and are the best of friends.

Cross Colours is a brand with a true story, that thrives to inspire others to be fresh and optimistic.

Cross Colours collection for girls

Now Cross Colours has increased their designs and appeal to women and teenagers. The Cross Colours collection for girls remains loyal to the Cross Colours philosophy and values of producing high-quality and stylish designs.

The Girls collection is divided in four themes as well with four girl characters representing the collection. The girls each form a duo with the boys:

Candy and Curt represent We are colourful

Choco and Cen represent We are the stars

Cleo and Cash represent We write history

Cheri and Chris represent We are in harmony

The Cross Colours collection for girls will be launched in Spring/Summer 2009.

Product

Cross Colours is one of the first companies to make urban gear fashionable. It set out to harness the hip-hop craze with a line of street-inspired fashions for young men. Targeting blacks, they lured the masses without a shrug. Playing off the vibrant themes of hip-hop music, its products have been snapped up by more than 3,000 retail outlets.

The hype started with affordable brightly colored T-shirts, jackets and caps, each accompanied by messages like “Stop D Violence” and “Educate 2 Elevate.” Hip teenagers latched onto the stuff, which soon showed up on the backs of rappers and sitcom stars. In no time, the MTV generation had cozied up to the urban, ethnic look, which Cross Colours swiftly parlayed into women’s fashions and tabletop items. Today, it seems, Cross Colours is stitching itself firmly into the fabric of pop–not just hip-hop–culture.

Today Cross Colours is a fresh Street-Fashion brand that enables individuals to create their own style. Cross Colours is known and loved for its creative, colorful designs and its socially conscious statements that they broadcast in a fresh and optimistic way. Cross Colours brings the old skool back in modern days and demonstrates a positive and fresh outlook on life.

Distribution

Cross Colours is sold in selected stores in Europe.

References

^ Chrysler Design Institute: Cross Colours

^ a b c d Cross Colours

^ a b How hip-hop fashion won over mainstream America, Black Enterprise, June, 1993

^ Where are they now? – African American executives and businesses, August, 2000, Black Enterprise

External links

Cross Colours’ official website

Categories: Clothing brands

Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2008 | All articles needing style editing | NPOV disputes from September 2008 | All NPOV disputes

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Vincent Price on Broadway as Mr. Manningham in Angel Street, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1942

Gas Light (known in the USA as Angel Street) is a 1938 play by the British dramatist Patrick Hamilton.

Contents

1 Synopsis

2 Critical reception

3 Film adaptations

4 External links

//


Synopsis

The play is set in fog-bound London in 1880 at the lower middle class home of Jack Manningham and his wife Bella. It is late afternoon, a time which Hamilton notes as being the time “before the feeble dawn of gaslight and tea”.

At the opening of the drama Bella is clearly on edge, and the stern reproaches from her overbearing husband (who flirts with the servants) makes matters worse. What most perturbs Bella is Manningham’s unexplained disappearances from the house: he will not tell her where he is going, and this increases her anxiety. As the drama unfolds, it becomes clear that Manningham is intent on convincing Bella that she is going mad, even to the point of assuring her she is ‘imagining’ the gas light in the house is dipping.

The appearance of a police detective called Rough soon leads Bella to realise that far from going mad, she is married to a psychopath. Rough explains that the apartment above was once occupied by one Alice Barlow, a wealthy woman who was murdered for her jewels but that the murderer never uncovered them.

It transpires that Manningham goes to the flat each night, searching for the jewels and causing the light in the house below to go down. Rough convinces Bella to assist him in exposing Manningham as the murderer, which she does, but not before she takes revenge on Manningham by pretending to help him escape. At the last minute she reminds him that, having gone ‘mad’, she is not accountable for her actions. The play closes with Mannigham being led away by the police.

Critical reception

Gas Light was an immense hit on its release, and it remains one of the longest-running non-musicals in Broadway history. It remains a perennial favourite with both repertory and amateur theatre companies.

Film adaptations

The play has been filmed twice under the title Gaslight:

Gaslight (1940 film)

Gaslight (1944 film)

External links

Angel Street at Internet Broadway Database

^ https://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/articles/3737/a-e–stage

Categories: 1938 plays | Patrick Hamilton plays | 20th century play stubs

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An insert nut provides a threaded socket for a wooden workpiece, similar to a wall anchor. Insert nuts are inserted into a pre-drilled hole by one of two means: screw in and hammer in. In both cases, the external protrusions bite into the wood, preventing the nut from either turning or pulling out.

Insert nuts are advantageous over barrel nuts and T-nuts, because they can be installed from one side of the workpiece.

Contents

1 Screw-in type

2 Hammer-in type

3 References

3.1 Notes

3.2 Bibliography

//


Screw-in type

Screw-in insert nuts have an external thread and hex head and are screwed in with an Allen wrench. The screw-in insert nuts come in various sizes and take different screw sizes. For example, a “1/4-20″ insert nut will take a 1/4-20 inch bolt. The pre-drilled hole must be as deep as the length of the insert nut plus any portion of the bolt that may be screwed past the end of the nut in the work piece.

Hammer-in type

Hammer-in insert nuts, also known as knock-in nuts,[citation needed] are lined with barbs and are hammered in. They are often made of steel, brass or nylon. They are designed to work in wood and particle board.

References

Notes

^ Willacy, p. 39.

Bibliography

Willacy, David M. (1992), Craft and Design in Wood, Nelson Thornes, ISBN 0748710663, http://books.google.com/books?id=xzVoc53dytwC.

Categories: Fasteners | Woodworking stubs

Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since November 2008

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Several golf clubs. From left to right are a driver, a putter, and an iron.

Golf clubs are used in the sport of golf to hit a golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance(grip) and a clubhead. Woods are used for long-distance fairway shots; irons, the most versatile class used for a variety of shots, and putters, used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the cup.

An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club’s face and the vertical plane. It is loft that makes a golf ball leave the tee on an ascending trajectory, not the angle of swing; virtually all swings contact the ball with a horizontal motion. The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the clubface give the ball backspin (a clockwise spin when viewed from a parallel standpoint to the left of the ball). Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.

While the variation of clubs can differ greatly between golfers, a set used to play a round of golf must have no more than 14 clubs. A full set typically consists of a driver, two fairway woods (generally 3- and 5-woods), a set of irons from 3 to 9, a pitching wedge, a sand wedge, a putter, and one more club of the player’s choice. Many amateurs opt to avoid the 3- and 4-irons (that many find difficult to hit), and replace them with more forgiving clubs, like hybrids.

Contents

1 Club Types

1.1 Woods

1.2 Irons

1.2.1 Wedges

1.3 Hybrids

1.4 Putters

2 Construction

2.1 Shaft

2.2 Grip

2.3 Hosel

2.4 Clubhead

2.5 Ferrule

3 Regulations

4 See also

5 References

//


Club Types

Woods

Main article: Wood (golf)

Woods are long-distance clubs, meant to drive the ball a great distance down the fairway towards the hole. They generally have a large head and a long shaft for maximum club speed. Historically woods were made from Persimmon wood although some manufacturers – notably Ping – developed laminated woods. In the late 1980s manufacturers started using metals (steel or titanium); even more recently manufacturers have started using materials such as carbon fiber or scandium. Even though most ‘woods’ are made from different metals they are still called ‘Woods’ to denote the general shape and their intended use on the golf course. Most woods made today have a graphite shaft and titanium head.

Irons

Main article: Iron (golf)

Irons are golf clubs with a flat angled face and a shorter shaft than a wood, designed for shots approaching the green or from more difficult lies such as the rough, through or over trees, or the base of hills. As with woods, “irons” get their name because they were originally made from cast iron. High-loft irons are called wedges. The higher the number gets on the scale, the lower amount of angle difference from 90 degrees. Irons are often cavity back or muscleback. A cavity back iron is any iron in which a small to large amount of the metal across the back of the head is removed, allowing that weight to be re-positioned on the perimeter of the head, farther away from the head’s center of gravity. A muscleback iron is the term given to any iron in which there is no cavity on the back of the head, i.e., the weight is more evenly distributed across the back of the clubhead.

Wedges

Wedges are irons with a higher loft than a 9 iron, which is typically lofted at about 42 degrees. Wedges are used for a variety of short-distance, high-altitude, high-accuracy shots such as hitting the ball onto the green (“approach” or “attack” shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for a better shot at the green (“lay-up” shots), or hitting the ball out of hazards or rough onto the green (chipping).

There are usually five types of wedges with lofts ranging from 45 to 60: pitching wedge (PW 48), gap wedge (GW 52), sand wedge (SW 56), lob wedge (LW 60), and ultra lob wedge (LW 64). The pitching wedge is sometimes called or labeled as a 10 iron, and the gap wedge is sometimes called an approach wedge and labeled with AW.

Hybrids

Main article: Hybrid (golf)

Hybrids are a cross between a wood and an iron, giving these clubs the wood’s long distance with the iron’s familiar swing. These clubs generally are used instead of high-numbered woods and/or low-numbered irons, though some manufacturers produce entire sets of hybrids or “iron replacements” that incorporate hybrid design to add distance and forgiveness to a player’s entire set of irons from 1 to pitching wedge. Most hybrids take the place of an iron, but the hybrid is easier to hit than its respective iron. These clubs are often referred to as “Rescues” because the TaylorMade Rescue was one of the first clubs to utilize this design, as well as the use of the clubs to get one out of a tricky position (to be in fact rescued by the club).

Putters

Main article: Putter (golf)

Putters are a special class of clubs with a loft not exceeding ten degrees, designed primarily to roll the ball along the grass, generally from a point on the putting green towards the cup. Contrary to popular belief, putters do have a loft (often 5 degrees from truly perpendicular at impact) that helps to lift the ball from any indentation it has made. This increases rolling distance and reduces bouncing over the turf. Also present in some golfers’ bags is the “chipper” which is designed for low-speed swings to lift the ball a short distance about 25 yards/23 meters, onto the green. The club can be used in place of the pitching wedge with an abbreviated swing to accomplish the same end.

Construction

Shaft



Loft and lie of a golf club

The shaft is a tapered tube made of metal (usually steel) or carbon fiber composite (referred to as graphite). The shaft is roughly .5 inch/12 millimeters in diameter near the grip and between 35-48 inches/89-115 cm in length.

Shafts are quantified in a number of different ways. The most common is the shaft flex. Simply, the shaft flex is the amount that the shaft will bend when placed under a load. A stiffer shaft will not flex as much, which requires more power to bend and “whip” through the ball properly (which results in higher club speed at impact for more distance), while a more flexible shaft will whip with less power required for better distance on slower swings, but may torque and over-flex if swung with too much power causing the head not to be square, resulting in lower accuracy. Most shaft makers offer a variety of flexes. The most common are: L (Lady), A (Soft Regular, Intermediate or Senior), R (Regular), S (Stiff), and X (Tour Stiff, Extra Stiff or Strong). A regular flex shaft is generally appropriate for those with an average head speed (80-94 mph), while an A-Flex (or senior shaft) is for players with a slower swing speed (70-79 mph), and the stiffer shafts, such as S-Flex and X-Flex (Stiff and Extra-Stiff shafts) are reserved only for those players with an above average swinging speed, usually above 100mph (160km/h). Some companies also offer a “stiff-regular” or “firm” flex for players whose club speed falls in the upper range of a Regular shaft (90-100 mph), allowing golfers and clubmakers to fine-tune the flex for a stronger amateur-level player.

On off-center hits, the clubhead twists as a result of a torque, reducing accuracy as the face of the club is not square to the player’s stance at impact. In recent years, many manufacturers have produced and marketed many low-torque shafts aimed at reducing the twisting of the clubhead at impact, however these tend to be stiffer along their length as well. Most recently, many brands have introduced stiff-tip…

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Aldo Rossi.



Bonnefanten Museum in Maastricht.



“Monumento ai Partigiani”, 1965.

Aldo Rossi (May 3, 1931 – September 4, 1997) was an Italian architect and designer who accomplished the unusual feat of achieving international recognition in three distinct areas: theory, drawing, and architecture.

Rossi was born in Milan, Italy. He graduated in architecture in 1959 from the Politecnico di Milano.

His earliest works of the 1960s were mostly theoretical and displayed a simultaneous influence of 1920s Italian modernism (see Giuseppe Terragni), classicist influences of Viennese architect Adolf Loos, and the reflections of the painter Giorgio De Chirico.

In his writings Rossi criticized the lack of understanding of the city in current architectural practice. He argued that a city must be studied and valued as something constructed over time; of particular interest are urban artifacts that withstand the passage of time. Rossi held that the city remembers its past (our “collective memory”), and that we use that memory through monuments; that is, monuments give structure to the city.

He became extremely influential in the late 1970s and 1980s as his body of built work expanded and for his theories promoted in his books The Architecture of the City (L’architettura della citt, 1966) and A Scientific Autobiography (Autobiografia scientifica, 1981).

Aldo Rossi died in a car accident in September 1997 in Milan.



The Quarter Schenstrasse, in Berlin.

Contents

1 Neo-Rationalist movement

2 Main works

2.1 Architecture

3 Exhibits

4 Awards

5 External links

//


Neo-Rationalist movement

Rossi is considered the founder of the Neo-Rationalist movement known as La Tendenza (see Rationalism). His influence in shaping European architectural thinking during this period is often compared to that of Robert Venturi in the USA; however, Rossi was clearly progressing Modernist views that were based on European urbanism whereas Venturi was a Post-Modernist.

Main works



Stainless steel kettle “Il Conico”, 1986.

Architecture

Gallaratese Quarter II in Milan, Italy (1974) with Carlo Aymonino

Quartier Schzenstrasse in Berlin, Germany (1994-98) Photos

San Cataldo Cemetery, Modena, Italy

Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa, Italy.

Palazzo Hotel in Fukuoka, Japan (1986).

Centro direzionale, Perugia, Italy

Ca’ di Cozzi in Verona, Italy, his last project

Such products have been designed for Alessi, Pirelli, and others.

Exhibits

For the Venice Biennale in 1979 he designed a floating Teatro del Mondo that seated 250 that was towed out to sea.

Awards

He won the prestigious Pritzker Prize for architecture in 1990. Ada Louise Huxtable, architectural critic and Pritzker juror, has described Rossi as “a poet who happens to be an architect.”

External links

Pritzker Prize web page on Rossi.

Bonnefanten Biography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aldo Rossi



v?d?ePritzker Prize laureates

Philip Johnson (1979) Luis Barrag (1980) James Stirling (1981) Kevin Roche (1982) I. M. Pei (1983) Richard Meier (1984) Hans Hollein (1985) Gottfried B?hm (1986) Kenzo Tange (1987) Gordon Bunshaft / Oscar Niemeyer (1988) Frank Gehry (1989) Aldo Rossi (1990) Robert Venturi (1991) varo Siza Vieira (1992) Fumihiko Maki (1993) Christian de Portzamparc (1994) Tadao Ando (1995) Rafael Moneo (1996) Sverre Fehn (1997) Renzo Piano (1998) Norman Foster (1999) Rem Koolhaas (2000) Herzog & de Meuron (2001) Glenn Murcutt (2002) J?rn Utzon (2003) Zaha Hadid (2004) Thom Mayne (2005) Paulo Mendes da Rocha (2006) Richard Rogers (2007) Jean Nouvel (2008)

Categories: 1931 births | 1997 deaths | People from Milan | Italian architects | Italian architecture writers | Postmodern architects | Pritzker Prize winners | Road accident deaths in Italy | Alumni of the Politecnico di Milano

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A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freighters once common on the seas in which the transport of passengers is secondary to the carriage of freight. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight. Indeed, until recently virtually all ocean liners were able to transport mail, package freight and express, and other cargo in addition to passenger luggage, and were equipped with cargo holds and derricks, kingposts, or other cargo-handling gear for that purpose. Only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated.

While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also been used as troopships and often are commissioned as naval ships when used as for that purpose.

Contents

1 Types

2 Measures of size

3 List of largest passenger ships of their time

4 References

5 See also

//


Types

Passenger ships include ferries, which are vessels for day or overnight short-sea trips moving passengers and vehicles (whether road or rail); ocean liners, which typically are passenger or passenger-cargo vessels transporting passengers and often cargo on longer line voyages; and cruise ships, which often transport passengers on round-trips, in which the trip itself and the attractions of the ship and ports visited are the principal draw.

An ocean liner is the traditional form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world. With the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. But with their decline came an increase in sea trips for pleasure, and in the latter part of the 20th century ocean liners gave way to cruise ships as the predominant form of large passenger ship, with the main area of activity changing from the North Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea.

Although some ships have characteristics of both types, the design priorities of the two forms are different: ocean liners value speed and traditional luxury while cruise ships value amenities (swimming pools, theaters, ball rooms, casinos, sports facilities, etc.) rather than speed. These priorities produce different designs. In addition, ocean liners typically were built to cross the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United States or travel even further to South America or Asia while cruise ships typically serve shorter routes with more stops along coastlines or among various islands.

For a long time cruise ships were smaller than the old ocean liners had been, but in the 1980s this changed when Knut Kloster, the director of Norwegian Caribbean Lines, bought one of the biggest surviving liners, the SS France, and transformed her into a huge cruise ship, which he renamed the SS Norway. Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships. Successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built (a dethronement that led to numerous further dethronements from the same position).

Both the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) (1969) and her successor as Cunard’s flagship RMSQueen Mary 2 (QM2), which entered service in 2004, are of hybrid construction. Like transatlantic ocean liners, they are fast ships and strongly built to withstand the rigors of the North Atlantic in line voyage service, but both ships are also designed to operate as cruise ships, with the amenities expected in that trade. QM2 superseded the Explorer of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built, and in turn was surpassed by Royal Caribbean’s cruise ship Freedom of the Seas. The latter ship, and her sisters, will in turn be superseded by ships of the Oasis Class scheduled for delivery starting in 2009.

Measures of size

By convention and long usage, the size of civilian passenger ships is measured by gross tonnage, which is a measure of enclosed volume. Gross tonnage is not a measure of weight, although the two concepts are often confused. Weight is measured by displacement, which is the conventional means of measuring naval vessels. Often a passenger ship is stated to “weigh” or “displace” a certain “tonnage”, but the figure given nearly always refers to gross tons.

While a high displacement can indicate better sea keeping abilities, gross tonnage is promoted as the most important measure of size for passengers, as the ratio of gross tonnage per passenger the Passenger/Space Ratio gives a sense of the spaciousness of a ship, an important consideration in cruise liners where the onboard amenities are of high importance.

Gross tonnage normally is a much higher value than displacement. This was not always the case; as the functions, engineering and architecture of ships have changed, the gross tonnage figures of the largest passenger ships have risen substantially, while the displacements of such ships have not. RMS Titanic, with a gross tonnage of 46,329, but a displacement reported at over 52,000 tons, was heavier than contemporary 100,000 110,000 gross ton cruise ships which displace only around 50,000 tons. Similarly, the Cunard Line’s RMSQueen Mary and RMSQueen Elizabeth, of approximately 81,000 83,000 gross tons, but displacements of over 80,000 tons, do not differ significantly in displacement from their new 148,528 gross ton successor, RMSQueen Mary 2, which has been estimated to displace approximately 76,000 tons, or from the even newer 154,407 gross ton MS Freedom of the Seas, which is also estimated to displace in the range of 75 80,000 tons. Indeed, not until the 2009 launch of the first of the Oasis Class ships, which is projected to displace about 100,000 tons, will there be a passenger ship which clearly surpasses the Cunard Queens of the 1930s in displacement.

However, by the conventional and historical measure of gross tonnage, there has been a recent dramatic increase in the size of the largest new ships. The Oasis class ships will measure 220,000 gross tons, over four times larger than Titanic and twice as large as the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s.

List of largest passenger ships of their time

Year

Name

Gross tonnage

Company

Countries of ownership and registration

Country of construction

1819

SS Savannah

320 BRT

Savannah Steamship Company

United States

United States

1831

SS Royal William

540 BRT

St. John & Halifax Steam Navigation Company

Canada (British North America)

Canada

1838

SS Great Western

1,340 BRT

Great Western Steamship Company

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

1839

SS British Queen

1,862 BRT

British & American Steam Navigation Company

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

1840

SS President

2,366 BRT

British & American Steam Navigation Company

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

1845

SS Great Britain

3,270 BRT

Great Western Steamship Company

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

1853

SS Himalaya

3,438 BRT

P & O Steam Navigation Company Ltd.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

1853

SS Atrato

3,466 BRT

Royal Mail Line Ltd.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

1857

SS Adriatic[citation needed]

4,145 BRT

New York & Liverpool United States Mail S.S. Co. (Collins)

United States

United…

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For the Virginia based broadcast radio station, please see WWVB-FM.



WWVB antenna and support towers.

WWVB is a NIST time signal radio station near Fort Collins, Colorado, co-located with WWV. WWVB is the station that radio-controlled clocks throughout North America use to synchronize themselves. The signal transmitted from WWVB is a continuous 60 kHz carrier wave, derived from a set of atomic clocks located at the transmitter site. A 1 bit-per-second time code, which is based on the IRIG “H” format of time code and derived from the same set of atomic clocks, is then modulated onto the carrier wave using a technique described as pulse width modulation followed by amplitude-shift keying. The time in this code is given in UTC, which the radio-controlled clocks then have to convert to their own local time. A single complete frame of time code lasts one minute.

Contents

1 Antennas

2 Modulation Format

3 Propagation

4 Antenna re-use with former WWVL

5 WWVB east plans

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

//


Antennas

WWVB antenna coordinates (WGS84)

North

4040?50.6?N 10503?01.7?W? / ?40.680722 105.050472? / 40.680722; -105.050472

South

4040?28.9?N 10502?42.3?W? / ?40.674694 105.045083? / 40.674694; -105.045083

Coordinates: 4040?41?N 10502?49?W? / ?40.67806 105.04694? / 40.67806; -105.04694

There are two identical antennas used to radiate the WWVB signal. Both antennas are 122 meters tall, and their centers are separated by 857 meters. The physical configuration of each antenna is a diamond-shaped “top loaded monopole”, consisting of several cables spread on a flat plane from the top of their support towers, and a vertical cable that connects the top plane to a “helix house” on the ground. Each helix house contains a dual fixed-variable inductor system, which is used to keep the antenna system at its maximum radiating efficiency. The amount of cable used in each antenna is supposed to approach an optimum length of one-quarter wavelength, which for 60 kHz is almost 1.25 km.

Modulation Format

At the start of each UTC second, the WWVB 60 kHz carrier, which has a normal power of 70 kW, is reduced in power by 17 dB to 1.4 kW. Before July 12, 2005, when WWVB’s maximum ERP was 50 kW, the power reduction was 10 dB, resulting in a 5 kW signal. The type of bit transmitted on each second is determined by when the carrier wave is returned to normal power within that second. If the carrier power is returned to normal in one-fifth of a second, or 0.2 s, from when it was reduced, the bit is a zero. If the carrier power is returned to normal in one half-second, or 0.5 s, the bit is a one. If the carrier power is returned to normal in four-fifths of a second, or 0.8 s, the bit is a marker bit. Marker bits are sent during seconds 0, 9, 19, 29, 39, 49 and 59 of each minute; the other 53 seconds are binary time code data. (Unused bits are transmitted as binary 0.) Thus, the start of the second of two consecutive marker bits indicates the top of the minute, as well as serves as the on-time marker for the next frame of time code. A marker bit is also sent during leap seconds, so in this exceptional event, three consecutive marker bits will be transmitted.

WWVB also, as a method of station identification, advances the phase of its carrier wave by 45 at ten minutes past the hour, and returns to normal (a ?45 shift) five minutes later. This phase step is equivalent to “cutting and pasting” 1/8 of a 60 kHz carrier cycle, or approximately 2.08 ?s.

Bit

Weight

Meaning

Bit

Weight

Meaning

:00

FRM

Frame reference marker bit

:30

8

Day of year (continued)

:01

40

Minutes

:31

4

:02

20

:32

2

:03

10

:33

1

:04

0

:34

0

Unused, always 0.

:05

8

:35

0

:06

4

:36

+

DUT1 sign.If +, both bits 36 and 38 are set.If ?, bit 37 is set.

:07

2

:37

?

:08

1

:38

+

:09

P1

Marker bit

:39

P4

Marker bit

:10

0

Unused, always 0.

:40

0.8

DUT1 value (00.9 s).DUT1 = UT1?UTC.

:11

0

:41

0.4

:12

20

Hours

:42

0.2

:13

10

:43

0.1

:14

0

:44

0

Unused, always 0.

:15

8

:45

80

Year

:16

4

:46

40

:17

2

:47

20

:18

1

:48

10

:19

P2

Marker bit

:49

P5

:20

0

Unused, always 0.

:50

8

:21

0

:51

4

:22

200

Day of year1=January 1365=December 31366=December 31, leap year

…(and so on)

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Yunnan Tin Group (Holding) Company Limited??????(??)????

Type

State-owned enterprise

Founded

1883

Headquarters

Kunming, Yunnan, China

Area served

People’s Republic of China

Key people

Chairman: Mr. Lei Yi

Industry

Metal mining

Products

Tin

Subsidiaries

Yunnan Tin Company LimitedSino-Platinum Metals Company Limited

Website

Yunnan Tin Group (Holding) Company Limited

Yunnan Tin Company Limited??????????

Type

State-owned enterprise

Founded

1998

Headquarters

Kunming, Yunnan, China

Area served

People’s Republic of China

Key people

Chairman: Mr. Lei Yi

Industry

Metal mining

Products

Tin

Parent

Yunnan Tin Group (Holding) Company Limited

Website

Yunnan Tin Company Limited

Yunnan Tin Group (Holding) Company Limited (YTC) is the largest tin producer and exporter in China and the world. It is headquartered in Kunming, Yunnan. It involves in the production, processing and export of tin metal, and also for the production of tin-based and arsenic-based chemicals. It was established in 1883 by the Government of Qing Dynasty as the Gejiu Manufacture & Commercial Bureau (China Merchants).

It owns two listed subsidiaries, Yunnan Tin Company Limited (SZSE: 000960) and Sino-Platinum Metals Company Limited (SSE: 600459 ). It was established in 1998 and listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2000. It is the only stock company in the Chinese tin industry.

Links

Yunnan Tin Group (Holding) Company Limited

Yunnan Tin Company Limited

Reference

^ BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF YUNNAN TIN COMPANY GROUP LIMITED

^ YUNNAN TIN COMPANY GROUP LIMITED BRIEF INTRODUCTION



v?d?e Shenzhen Stock Exchange Component Index Constitute Stocks

Shenzhen Development Bank A? China Vanke A? China Merchants Property? Shenzhen Energy? China International Marine Containers? Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Nonfemet? ZTE? Overseas Chinese Town Holding A? Weichai Power? Financial Street Holding? Chenming Paper? Midea Electric Appliances? Hongyuan Securities? Luzhou Laojiao? Jilin Aodong Medicine? Changan Automobile? Panzhihua New Steel and Vanadium? Tongling Nonferrous Metals? Gree Electric Appliances? Tianjin Teda Company? Tangsteel? Yanjing Beer? Xi’an Aircraft International Corporation? Changjiang Securities? Qinghai Salt Lake Potash? FAW Car? Taigang Stainless Steel? CITIC Guoan? Wuliangye? Yunnan Copper? Shuanghui Investment and Development? Ansteel? Valin Steel? Shen Huo Coal Industry and Electricity Power? Jinniu Energy? Yunnan Tin? Xishan Coal and Electricity Power? Suning Appliance? Bank of Ningbo? Goldwind Science and Technology?

Categories: Companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange | Shenzhen Stock Exchange Component Index Constitute Stocks | State-owned enterprises of the People’s Republic of China | Metal companies of China | Companies established in 1883 | Companies established in 1998 | Companies in Yunnan | China Merchants(and so on)

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Smallmouth bass

Conservation status

Least Concern(IUCN 3.1)

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Class:

Actinopterygii

Order:

Perciformes

Family:

Centrarchidae

Genus:

Micropterus

Species:

M. dolomieu

Binomial name

Micropterus dolomieuLace, 1802

The smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes. It is the type species of its genus. One of the black basses, it is a popular gamefish sought by anglers throughout the temperate zones of North America, and has been spread by stock to many cool-water rivers and lakes in the United States and Canada. The smallmouth bass is native to the upper and middle Mississippi River basin, the Saint Lawrence Riverreat Lakes system, and up into the Hudson Bay basin. Its common names include Smallmouth, Bronzeback, Brown Bass, Brownie, Smallie, and Bronze Bass.

Contents

1 Description

2 Habitat

3 Angling

3.1 Lures

3.2 Bait

3.3 Fishing Tackle

4 References

5 Secondary References

//


Description

The smallmouth bass is generally brown with dark vertical bands rather than a horizontal band along the side. There are 13-15 soft rays in the dorsal fin. The upper jaw of smallmouth bass extends to the middle of the eye.

Male smallmouth bass are relatively smaller than the female. The male’s tend to range within a two(2) pound radius in comparison to the female’s which can grow from the three(3) pound to six(6) pound range. Their size are different from Canadian waters and American waters due to the longer summers that the smallmouth bass are able to grow.

Their habitat plays a significant role in their color, weight, and shape. River water smallmouth that live among dark water tend to be rather torpedo shaped and very dark brown in order to be more efficient for feeding. Lakeside smallmouth bass however, that live for example in sandy areas, tend to be a light yellow brown to adapt to the environment in a defensive state and are more oval shaped.

Habitat

M. dolomieu is found in clearer water than the largemouth, especially streams, rivers, and the rocky areas and stumps and also sandy bottoms of lakes and reservoirs. The smallmouth prefers cooler water temperatures than its cousin the largemouth bass, and may be found in both still and moving water. Because it is relatively intolerant of pollution, the smallmouth bass is a good natural indicator of a healthy environment, though it can better adjust to changes in water condition than most trout species. Carnivorous, its diet comprises crayfish, insects, and smaller fish, the young also feeding on zooplankton.

The female can lay up to 21,000 eggs, which are guarded by the male in his nest.

Angling

fly fishing

targets

bluefish

brook trout

crappie

hucho taimen

largemouth bass

northern pike

peacock bass

shoal bass

smallmouth bass

more fly fish…

other sport fish…

fishing

I N D E X

This box: view?talk?edit

Main article: Bass fishing



Illustration of a group of smallmouth bass



Smallmouth Bass from the Rainy River near International Falls, Minnesota (Released)



Smallmouth Bass from Eagle Lake in Ontario, Canada (Released)

In the United States, smallmouth bass first moved outside their native range upon construction of the Erie Canal in 1825, extending the fish’s range into central New York state. During the mid- to late 1800s, smallmouth were transplanted via the nation’s rail system to lakes and rivers throughout the northern and western United States, as far as California. Shippers found that smallmouth bass were a hardy species that could be transported in buckets or barrels via the railroad, sometimes using the spigot from the railroad water tank to aerate the fingerlings. They were introduced east of the Appalachians just before the Civil War, and afterwards transplanted to the states of New England.

With increased industrialization and development, many of the nation’s eastern trout rivers were dammed, polluted, or allowed to silt up, raising water temperatures and killing off the native brook trout. Smallmouth bass were often introduced to northern rivers now too warm for native trout, and slowly became a popular gamefish with many anglers. Equally adaptable to large, cool-water impoundments and reservoirs, the smallmouth also spread far beyond its original native range. Later, smallmouth populations also began to decline after years of damage caused by overdevelopment and pollution, as well as a loss of river habitat caused by damming many formerly wild rivers in order to form lakes or reservoirs. In recent years, a renewed emphasis…(and so on)

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(Redirected from Cutey Honey Flash)

Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (December 2008)

Cutie Honey Flash

?????????F(Ky?t? Han? Furasshu)

Genre

Action, Adventure, Magical girl

Manga: Cutie Honey F

Author

Yukako Iisaka

Publisher

Shogakukan

Demographic

Sh?jo

Magazine

Ciao

Original run

May 26, 1997 April 23, 1998

Volumes

4

TV anime: Cutie Honey F

Director

Noriyo Sasaki

Studio

Toei Animation

Network

Animax, TV Asahi

Original run

February 15, 1997 January 31, 1998

Episodes

39

Anime and Manga Portal

Cutie Honey Flash (????????? ????? ,Ky?t? Han? Furasshu?, also known as Cutie Honey F) is a 1997 sh?jo (young girls’) anime television series in the Cutie Honey franchise. In its native Japan, the series assumed the timeslot of Sailor Stars, the final story arc of the long-running Sailor Moon anime. Employing many of the same animation staff of Sailor Stars, including animation director Miho Shimagasa, Flash features very similar character designs and fits the more traditional mold of magical girl series, aimed at the Moon demographic. The series was also broadcast in Germany.

Contents

1 Characters

1.1 Protagonists

1.2 Panther Claw

1.3 Misty Honey

2 Production

3 Media

3.1 Episodes

3.1.1 Season one

3.2 Soundtracks

4 References

5 Movie

6 External links

//


Characters

Like New Cutie Honey before it, Cutie Honey Flash makes references to other series from Cutie Honey creator Go Nagai. Recurring Honey characters Honey Kisaragi, Seiji, Danbei, Natsuko, Panther Zora, Sister Jill, and Miharu return here, along with Alphonne, Principal Pochi (as a dog), Gorgon Claw, a female version of Archduke Gorgon of Mazinger Z, and Freddy Claw, a female blend of Dr. Hell and Count Blocken from Mazinger Z. Three boys from Honey’s school are based on pilots from Getter Robo and Getter Robo Go, and Great Mazinger briefly appears on a TV screen early on in the series.[citations needed]

Protagonists

?The main protagonist of the series, as with other Cutie Honey media, is Honey Kisaragi. Honey is a girl who studies at the boarding school, St. Chapel Academy, along with best friend Natsuko (who is nicknamed “Na-chan” or “Nat-chan”) from the original 1970s versions of Honey. The academy’s faculty includes former Honey characters as well: here, Miharu returns as a dreaded teacher, while Danbei Hayami is the academy’s director. Later in the series, Alphonne, also from the original Cutie Honey, appears as Danbei’s older sister.

Honey receives help, advice, and white flowers from a mysterious “Twilight Prince” (Tasogare no Prince). Among the things the prince gives Honey are objects invented by her father, the scientist Takeshi Kisaragi. Honey can use the objects, by saying the phrase “Honey Flash”, to transform in various ways. Honey can transform into a variety of personas in this series; she can change into versions of Hurricane Honey and Cutie Honey from the 1970s versions, as well as these:

Scoop Honey (paparazzi). A woman who is ready with her film and camera acting as a reporter.

Stage Honey (singer). A woman who has her microphone and her formal dress ready for an audience.

Nurse Honey (nurse). A woman who knows medical needs.

Elegance Honey (bride). A woman who wears a white wedding dress. She uses a bouquet when she’s in danger.

Escort Honey (tour guide). A woman disguised as a flight attendant.

Hyper Honey (heroine). The hearts of Honey and Seira combine to take this form, resembling Cutie Honey but with a different outfit and far more power.

Panther Claw

In Cutie Honey Flash, Honey must deal with a version of the Panther Claw organization, composed of Panther Zora, a stone figure that reigns over the group; Sister Jill, who is Zora’s second-in-command; Prince Zera, a Panther Claw leader who jealously seeks Sister Jill’s position in the group; and various henchmen. When fighting enemies, Cutie Honey uses attacks such as the Honey Boomerang, Honey Lightning Flare, Honey Rouge Arrow, and Honey Virginal Invitation.[citation needed]

A fourth character from the original Honey series, Seiji Hayami, appears as a detective whose father was killed by the Panther Claw. Seiji often meets Honey in her Cutie Honey form, not knowing that she is Kisaragi.

Misty Honey

The fourteenth episode of the anime introduces Misty Honey, a rival and self-proclaimed younger sister of Cutie Honey, whose name was chosen through a contest in Japan. Misty Honey, unlike Cutie Honey, cannot turn into anyone she wants; she can only change to Misty Honey. She has a band around her leg that resembles Honey’s…(and so on)

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